Dense Fog over Kansas and Nebraska

GOESR_IFRPROB_05August2015_0400_1300anim

GOES-R IFR Probability fields computed from GOES-13 and Rapid Refresh data, hourly from 0400 through 1315 UTC, 5 August 2015 (Click to enlarge)

Dense fog developed over the High Plains of Kansas and Nebraska overnight on 4-5 August 2015, and Advisories were issued by the North Platte, NE, Goodland KS and Dodge City KS WFOs. The animation above, of GOES-R IFR Probability fields computed from GOES-13 data, shows a slow expansion in the area of highest probabilities. The IFR Probability field has less spatial variability over eastern Kansas and eastern Nebraska where strong convection prevented the satellite from detecting low clouds; there, only model data predictors (from model fields that vary smoothly) could be used in the computation of the GOES-R IFR Probability fields and the IFR Probability field therefore has a smoother look.

GOES-13 Brightness Temperature Difference Fields (10.7 µm – 3.9 µm) at 0700, 0915 and 1100 UTC on 5 August 2015 (click to enlarge)

The GOES-13 Brightness Temperature Difference field (10.7 µm – 3.9 µm), above, at 0700, 0915 and 1100 UTC, similarly shows an expansion in the detection of water-based clouds over the High Plains. However, the field overpredicts the region of IFR conditions. The toggle between 1100 UTC IFR Probability and Brightness Temperature Difference, below, highlights how the IFR Probability can screen out regions (Southwestern Kansas, eastern Colorado) where low clouds are present, but IFR Conditions may not be. The toggle also shows how GOES-R IFR Probability can give information in regions where the Brightness Temperature Difference field has a signal for high clouds only (that is, under the convection in eastern Kansas)

Toggle between GOES-R IFR Probability and GOES-13 Brightness Temperature Difference (10.7 µm – 3.9 µm), 1100 UTC, 5 August 2015 (Click to enlarge)

Suomi NPP overflew Kansas around 0800 UTC on 5 August, and the Day Night Band imagery, below, showed both the strong convection (complete with streaks associated with lightning) and the developing low clouds. Brightness Temperature Difference (11.45 µm – 3.74 µm) fields from Suomi NPP (Link) confirm the presence of water-based clouds (yellow and orange in the enhancement used). The strong convection over eastern Kansas has multiple overshooting tops still at 0854 UTC (Link).

Suomi NPP Day Night Visible (0.70 µm) band, 0854 UTC 5 August 2015 (Click to enlarge)

Dense Fog in South Carolina and Georgia

Screenshot from Charleston WFO, 1230 UTC 4 August 2015

GOES-R IFR Probability fields computed from GOES-13 and Rapid Refresh Data, hourly from 0400 through 1215 UTC 4 August 2015 (Click to enlarge)

Dense fog developed over the piedmont of South Carolina/Georgia on 4 August 2015 in the wake of departing convection. The GOES-R IFR Probability fields, shown above hourly from 0400 to 1215, do parallel the development of the reduced ceilings and visibilities. Brightness Temperature Difference fields, below, from 0615 to 1215 UTC, do not show a strong fog signal until after 0800 UTC, yet IFR conditions at that time stretch from Walterboro SC (KRBW) southeastward to Eastman GA (KEZM) and Baxley GA (KBHC). GOES-R IFR Probabilities therefore give a better head’s up to a forecaster tasked with monitoring ceilings and visibilities.

Suomi NPP overflew the Southeast United States at ~0730 UTC on 4 August. Ample illumination from the waning three-quarter moon showed cloudiness over southeastern coastal South Carolina and adjacent parts of Georgia but the brightness temperature difference field does not suggest that these are all water-based clouds (such clouds generally fall in the yellow or orange part of the enhancement).

Suomi NPP Day Night Band visible (0.70 µm) image, 0732 UTC 04 August 2015 (click to enlarge)

Suomi NPP Brightness temperature Difference field (11.45 µm – 3.74 µm), 0732 UTC on 4 August 2015 (click to enlarge)

MODIS data from Terra and Aqua satellites can also be used to compute GOES-R IFR Probability fields, and two MODIS swaths were produced over South Carolina/Georgia early on August 4. Toggles between the 0337 Terra-based GOES-R IFR Probability Field and the 0755 UTC Aqua-based GOES-R IFR Probability fields are below. The larger values from MODIS — especially at 0755 UTC — suggest the fog was initially at small-scale horizontally. The 1-km resolution pixels from MODIS better capture any small-scale features.

MODIS-based (Terra) and GOES-based (GOES-13) GOES-R IFR Probability fields at ~0340 UTC on 04 August 2015 (click to enlarge)

MODIS-based (Aqua) and GOES-based (GOES-13) GOES-R IFR Probability fields at ~0800 UTC on 04 August 2015 (click to enlarge)

Dense Fog over the Deep South

GOES-R IFR Probability Fields, hourly from 0700 through 1300 UTC, 30 July 2015 (Click to enlarge)

Dense Fog Advisories were issued over inland south Texas on the morning of Thursday 30 July (below). GOES-R IFR Probabilities of this event, above, capture the development of IFR conditions after 0700 UTC (2 AM CDT). Values are quite small until about 0900 UTC, as IFR conditions develop around Alice, TX and Orange Grove Naval Air Station (in Jim Wells County) and then expand. Comparing the GOES-R IFR Probability fields, above, and the GOES-13 Brightness Temperature Difference fields, below, suggest that the model component in the IFR Probability fields showed low-level saturation occurring a bit farther north than the initial strongest pixel returns in the Brightness Temperature Difference fields. For example, compare this toggle of GOES-R IFR Probability and GOES-13 Brightness Temperature Difference fields at 0800 UTC: Larger values of GOES-R IFR Probability (albeit still small — around 20%) are shifted north of the strongest enhancements in the 0800 Brightness Temperature Difference fields, which stronger enhancements are mostly near the Rio Grande). The toggle for 1000 UTC is here.

GOES-13 Brightness Temperature Difference (10.7µm – 3.9µm) Fields, hourly from 0700 through 1300 UTC, 30 July 2015 (Click to enlarge)

URGENT – WEATHER MESSAGE
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE BROWNSVILLE TX
612 AM CDT THU JUL 30 2015

…AREAS OF DENSE FOG CONTINUE TO DEVELOP ACROSS NORTHERN
RANCHLANDS THIS MORNING…

.CLEAR SKIES AND CALM WINDS CONTINUE TO ALLOW AREAS OF DENSE FOG
TO DEVELOP ACROSS NORTHERN PORTIONS OF DEEP SOUTH TEXAS THIS
MORNING. VISIBILITIES WILL BE REDUCED TO A QUARTER OF A MILE IN
AREAS OF DENSE FOG.

TXZ249-250-301400-
/O.NEW.KBRO.FG.Y.0016.150730T1112Z-150730T1400Z/
JIM HOGG-BROOKS-
INCLUDING THE CITIES OF…HEBBRONVILLE…FALFURRIAS
612 AM CDT THU JUL 30 2015

…DENSE FOG ADVISORY IN EFFECT UNTIL 9 AM CDT THIS MORNING…

THE NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE IN BROWNSVILLE HAS ISSUED A DENSE
FOG ADVISORY…WHICH IS IN EFFECT UNTIL 9 AM CDT THIS MORNING.

* VISIBILITY…VISIBILITIES WILL BE REDUCED TO A QUARTER OF A
MILE.

* IMPACTS…DRIVING WILL BE DIFFICULT ON STREETS AND ROADS
ESPECIALLY IN RURAL AREAS.

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS…

MOTORISTS SHOULD SLOW DOWN…USE LOW BEAM HEADLIGHTS…AND
MAINTAIN A SAFE DISTANCE BETWEEN VEHICLES.

CASTILLO

URGENT – WEATHER MESSAGE
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE CORPUS CHRISTI TX
757 AM CDT THU JUL 30 2015

…DENSE FOG THIS MORNING OVER EASTERN PORTIONS OF THE RIO GRANDE
PLAINS…

.THE COMBINATION OF NEAR SURFACE MOISTURE…DRY AIR ALOFT…AND
LIGHT WIND…HAS RESULTED IN AREAS OF DENSE FOG OVER THE SOUTHERN
COASTAL BEND AND OVER EASTERN PORTIONS OF THE RIO GRANDE PLAINS
EARLY THIS MORNING. HOWEVER…CONDITIONS WILL IMPROVE BY MID
MORNING AS TEMPERATURES INCREASE SUFFICIENT TO RESULT IN
UNSATURATED CONDITIONS NEAR THE SURFACE.

TXZ230>232-240-241-301500-
/O.EXT.KCRP.FG.Y.0018.000000T0000Z-150730T1500Z/
MCMULLEN-LIVE OAK-BEE-DUVAL-JIM WELLS-
INCLUDING THE CITIES OF…CALLIHAM…CROSS…LOMA ALTA…TILDEN…
GEORGE WEST…THREE RIVERS…BEEVILLE…FREER…BENAVIDES…
SAN DIEGO…ALICE…ORANGE GROVE
757 AM CDT THU JUL 30 2015

…DENSE FOG ADVISORY NOW IN EFFECT UNTIL 10 AM CDT THIS
MORNING…

* VISIBILITY…ONE-QUARTER MILE OR LESS

* IMPACTS…DENSE FOG WILL RENDER DRIVING HAZARDOUS.

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS…

A DENSE FOG ADVISORY MEANS VISIBILITIES WILL FREQUENTLY BE
REDUCED TO LESS THAN ONE QUARTER MILE. IF DRIVING…SLOW DOWN…
USE LOW-BEAM HEADLIGHTS…AND LEAVE PLENTY OF DISTANCE AHEAD OF
YOU.

South Texas had favorable geometry today that allowed for successive Suomi NPP overpasses to provide information. The Day Night Band imagery, below, and the Brightness Temperature Difference fields, below the Day Night Band, suggest few clouds are detected at 0727 UTC or at 0906 UTC.

Suomi NPP VIIRS Day Night Band Visible Imagery (0.70µm) at 0727 and 0906 UTC 30 July 2015 (Click to enlarge)

Suomi NPP VIIRS Brightness Temperature Difference (11.45µm – 3.74µm) fields at 0727 and 0906 UTC 30 July 2015 (Click to enlarge)

=============================================================================

GOES-R IFR Probability Fields, hourly from 0700 through 1300 UTC, 30 July 2015 (Click to enlarge)

Northeast Florida also had reduced ceilings and visibilities on the morning of 30 July 2015. The animation above of GOES-R IFR Probabilities from 0700-1300 UTC (above) shows enhanced values in most of the inland northern Florida panhandle. The flat nature of the field suggests that higher clouds are preventing satellite detection of low clouds: predictors based on model fields only are being used to compute IFR Probabilities (that is, satellite predictors are not being used). The Brightness Temperature Difference animation for this event is below.

GOES-13 Brightness Temperature Difference (10.7µm – 3.9µm) Fields, hourly from 0700 through 1300 UTC, 30 July 2015 (Click to enlarge)

IFR Probability across the Midwest under cirrus

Midwest_1000_1215_27July2015_GOES13_IFRPROBanim

GOES-R IFR Probability fields, 1000, 1115 and 1215 UTC on July 27 2015 along with surface plots of ceilings and visibility (Click to enlarge)

Regions of dense fog developed over the Midwest during the morning of July 27 2015, and the GOES-R IFR Probability fields are shown above for 1000 through 1215 UTC. There is a good spatial relationship to where IFR Probabilities are large(ish) and where IFR conditions are present. This example is a good reminder that GOES-R IFR Probability fields should be interpreted with knowledge of other fields. On this day, an extensive cirrus shield (Click the link to view the Brightness Temperature Difference field at 1000 UTC) prevented GOES-13 from viewing low clouds over much of the midwest; thus, the IFR Probability field was driven mostly by model fields over Illinois and Iowa. This is why the field there is mostly uniform. When satellite data is not used in computing the probabilities (because of cirrus clouds), the magnitude of the IFR Probability is reduced.

Occasional glitches in GOES-R IFR Probability fields from GOES-West

GOES-R IFR Probability fields computed using GOES-15 are periodically — once or twice per night — showing unusual behavior, as documented in the short animation above. The 0730 UTC shows a greatly expanded region of modest IFR Probability values compared to 0715 UTC; at 0745 UTC, fields return to ‘normal’. This aberrant behavior does not occur during the day, nor does it occur every night, nor at specific times. This intermittent type of error makes it difficult to determine and exact cause, but it appears to be related to GOES-15 3.9 µm emissivity. That field is missing when the erroneous fields are produced. This could be an issue of timing — that is, the algorithm requests the field before it is created.

CIMSS scientists are actively working to determine the underlying cause of this error.

======================== Added August 4 2015 =======================

Tweaks to the processing flow at CIMSS at the end of July appear to have fixed this problem, as it has not occurred in August.

Fog over Iowa

GOES-R IFR Probability fields, 0400-1215 UTC, 20 July 2015 (Click to enlarge)

Dense fog developed over portions of eastern Iowa early in the morning of 20 July 2015. The animation above shows the hourly evolution of the GOES-R IFR Probability fields computed using satellite data from GOES-13 and Rapid Refresh model output. The flat nature of the fields in the animation above suggests the satellite data cannot view the near-surface because of higher level clouds; Brightness Temperature Difference fields, below, from 0615, 0800 and 1000 UTC confirm that hypothesis. This was a case where inclusion of the Rapid Refresh information was vital for the IFR Probability field to outline correctly the region of visibility restrictions due to fog. Note that the last GOES-based GOES-R IFR Probability image, at 1215 UTC, above, after sunrise, shows a general increase in values over the 1100 UTC image (just before sunrise). Daytime predictors (used here at 1215 UTC) result in a higher probability of IFR conditions that nighttime predictors (used here at 1100 UTC) in part because of the use of visible data for cloud-clearing.

GOES13_BTD_20July2015_0615_0800_1000step

GOES-13 Brightness Temperature Difference fields (10.7µm – 3.9µm) at 0615, 0800 and 1000 UTC on 20 July 2015 (Click to enlarge)

An Aqua overpass provided MODIS information at ~0830 UTC, and toggle between the brightness temperature difference field (11.0µm – 3.7µm) and MODIS-based IFR Probabilities, below, shows MODIS-based IFR Probabilities were enhanced over southern and eastern Iowa in a region where the brightness temperature difference field gave a signal consistent with mid- and high-level clouds.

Aqua MODIS Brightness Temperature Difference (11.0µm – 3.7µm) and MODIS-based GOES-R IFR Probabilities, ~0830 UTC on 20 July 2015 (Click to enlarge)

Using MODIS and GOES IFR Probabilities to gauge fog motion in the Pacific Northwest

MODIS-based brightness temperature difference fields, ~0550 and ~1000 UTC on 6 July (Click to enlarge)

MODIS-based Brightness Temperature Difference fields, above, from 0547 (Terra) and 0958 (Aqua) detect a large area of marine stratus over the Pacific Ocean that is penetrating inland up river valleys along the coasts of Washington and Oregon. Dark reatures that are consistent with higher clouds are also present over southern Oregon. GOES-R IFR Probability fields can be computed from MODIS data, and those fields (below) show high probabilities along the coast, in regions where IFR or near-IFR conditions are observed. Aspects of the GOES-R IFR Probability field deserve comment. Where high clouds are present in the MODIS data, GOES-R IFR Probabilities are largely controlled by model-based fields that are typically smooth. This is the case over the northwest corner of the IFR Probability field, for example, and also off the southern Oregon coast at ~0550 UTC. The blocky nature of the IFR Probability fields off the central Oregon coast at ~0550 UTC is likely related to model relative humidity fields that show saturation both near the surface and aloft.

MODIS-based GOES-R IFR Probabilities, ~0550 and ~1000 UTC on 6 July 2015 (Click to enlarge)

Suomi NPP Day Night Band visible imagery had ample illumination early on 6 July with a waning gibbous moon. Imagery below from 1000 UTC (very close to the Aqua pass) also shows thin tendrils of fog moving up river valleys. The VIIRS instrument that provides the Day Night imagery is only on one satellite, however, (compared to MODIS on both Aqua and Terra) so such views are infrequent.

Suomi NPP Day Night Band Visible imagery and Brightness Temperature Difference fields at 0959 UTC, 6 July 2015 (Click to enlarge)

MODIS and Suomi NPP imagery suggest fog is penetrating preferentially into river valleys along the west coast. This should color the interpretation of GOES-based GOES-R IFR Probabilities. GOES-15 lacks the horizontal resolution to resolve fully most river valleys (Rapid Refresh data, similarly, does not resolve small valleys); however, GOES-15 does have excellent temporal resolution, and combining that with the intermittent information from polar orbiters such as Terra, Aqua and Suomi-NPP provides a fuller picture of the evolution of near-surface IFR conditions. The animation of GOES-R IFR Probabilities from GOES-15 is shown below.

GOES-15 based GOES-R IFR Probabilities, 0445-1345 UTC, 6 July 2015 (Click to enlarge)

Fog Detection at Sunrise

Brightness Temperature Difference (10.7 µm – 3.9 µm) from GOES-13 at 1230 UTC, along with 1200 UTC Ceilings and Visibilities (Click to enlarge)

The Brightness Temperature Difference field is commonly used to detect low clouds in the atmosphere and to infer the presence of fog. At sunrise (and sunset), however, when the amount of reflected solar radiance with a wavelength of 3.9 µm is changing rapidly, features can be lost. For example, can you detect where the brightness temperature difference fields above relate to the observations of dense fog (Dense Fog Advisories were hoisted).

GOES-R IFR Probabilities are able to highlight regions of low clouds and fog through sunrise. The IFR Probability field for 1230 UTC on 3 July is shown below. It does a far better job of outlining the region of low clouds and fog.

GOES-R IFR Probabilities computed from GOES-13 and Rapid Refresh model output, 1230 UTC 3 July 2015 (Click to enlarge)

Animations of the fields, of course, play to the strength of GOES-13 temporal resolution and aid detection. GOES-R IFR Probabilities and Brightness Temperature Difference Field animations are available.

MODIS-based vs. GOES-based IFR Probabilities

The CIMSS Satellite Blog shows a case on July 2nd 2015 of Day Night Band detection of river valley fog over the upper midwest. River Valley fog is a challenge for GOES detection because of the large pixel footprint. So how did it do in this case, and how does that compare to MODIS-based detection? The animation below shows the three MODIS scenes during fog development that occurred. MODIS-based IFR Probability at 0432 UTC (from Terra) hints at the development of fog over the Wisconsin and Kickapoo Rivers over southwestern WI. GOES-based IFR Probability from 0430 UTC (shown below the MODIS data) shows no signal there. GOES-based IFR Probabilities do appear at 0715 UTC, however. The MODIS-based signal has given any forecaster an early alert to the development of fog over the River valleys. (Toggles between GOES and MODIS-based IFR Probabilities are available for 0430 UTC, 0715 UTC and 0845 UTC). Note that both 0710 and 0848 UTC MODIS-based fields (from Aqua) have a geometry such that the Mississippi River valley is near the edge, and artifacts related to the so-called bow-tie effect are present as repeated features in the field. Nevertheless, the MODIS-based field correctly limits the fog to the River Valleys and shows very high IFR Probabilities; GOES-based pixels fail to resolve narrow river valleys.

MODIS-based GOES-R IFR Probabilities, 0432, 0710 and 0848 UTC on 2 July 2015 (Click to enlarge)

GOES-based GOES-R IFR Probabilities, 0430, 0715 and 0845 UTC on 2 July 2015 (Click to enlarge)

An animation of GOES-based IFR Probabilities, below, suggests that GOES data identified the likelihood of IFR conditions starting around 0515 UTC, almost 45 minutes after the higher-resolution MODIS pass at 0432 UTC.

GOES-based GOES-R IFR Probabilities, 0430 – 0545 UTC on 2 July 2015 (Click to enlarge)

Dense Fog over Iowa and Illinois

Front page of the National Weather Service in the Quad Cities, Monday morning 29 June 2015 (Click to enlarge)

Dense fog developed over the mid-Mississippi Valley early on Monday, 29 June 2015, and Dense Fog Advisories were hoisted by the DVN WFO, as shown above. How did the GOES-IFR Probabilities (and other products) capture this event? The animation below shows the evolution of surface visibilities at 0600, 0800 and 1000 UTC. IFR Conditions have developed by 0600 UTC and they subsequently expand.

Surface Visibilities (Statute Miles) over Iowa, 0600, 0800 and 1000 UTC, 29 June 2015. IFR Conditions are highlighted in white (Click to enlarge)

The Day Night band suggests clouds are present over parts of Iowa at 0707 UTC, but the waxing gibbous moon has set by 0848 UTC (below), and the lack of reflected moonlight at the later time precludes cloud detection. The brightness temperature difference (11.45µm – 3.74µm) from Suomi NPP can detect the tops water-based low clouds and it does confirm that the clouds have not vanished at 0848 UTC despite the lack of signal in the Day Night band. The brightness temperature difference field includes signals (black in the enhancement used) that suggest the presence of cirrus clouds.

VIIRS_DNB__REF_20150629_toggle_0707_0848

Visible Imagery from the Suomi NPP Day Night Band, 0707 and 0848 UTC on 29 June 2015 (Click to enlarge)

Suomi NPP Brightness Temperature Difference (11.45µm – 3.74µm) at 0707 UTC and 0848 UTC (Click to enlarge)

MODIS data can be used to compute IFR Probability fields. These fields are not available frequently, although they do present a high-resolution view of events when available. Two overpasses, at 0408 (Terra) and 0817 (Aqua), provided imagery early on 29 June. The MODIS data suggests the development of a large area of fog. What does GOES data show? Click here for a comparison of MODIS and GOES at 0408 UTC, and here for a comparison of MODIS and GOES at 0817 UTC). The chief difference between MODIS and GOES is somewhat higher values at the earlier time, and sharper edges (as might be expected given the resolution differences) at both times.

MODIS-based GOES-IFR Probabilities, 0408 and 0817 UTC on 29 June 2015 (Click to enlarge)

GOES-R IFR Probabilities computed from GOES-13 have a temporal resolution that allows for monitoring of fog development, and values increase rapidly after 0500 UTC over eastern Iowa, in accord with the development of IFR observations shown above. Brightness Temperature Difference fields (bottom) also suggest the development of low clouds over Iowa. However, there are places where high clouds prevent a signal and the rising sun (and its 3.9 µm radiation) mean the signal is reduced at the end of the animation. GOES-R IFR Probabilities maintain a coherent signal through sunrise.

GOES-based GOES-R IFR Probabilities, 0400-1215 UTC on 29 June 2015 (Click to enlarge)

GOES-13 Brightness Temperature Difference (10.7 µm – 3.9 µm), 0400-1215 UTC, 29 June 2015 (Click to enlarge)

GOES-R Fog Product Examples

Fog detection fusing GOES, Terra/Aqua or Suomi/NPP Satellite data with Model output